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While alcohol is often consumed for leisure, relaxation, and celebration, it unfortunately becomes a crutch for temporarily alleviating stress, grief, and sorrow. Furthermore, the consumption and types of alcohol have also become associated with social status. However, it is important to acknowledge that alcohol consumption can also lead to various disorders that may result in fatal consequences.
Thus, this report delves into the influence of income on alcohol consumption, explores the contributing variables to alcohol-related deaths, and discusses countries with the highest percentage of deaths attributed to alcohol use disorders.
Table 1.2 shows the standard deviations of %death from alcohol per country from 2010-2019. Most countries with high variances also had high average %death rates such as Kazakhstan, Guatemala, Russia, Mongolia, etc.
In figure 1.2, rate groups are classified by the average annual %death rates over 2010-2019 into low (group1, <=1st quarter), medium (group2, <3rd quarter & >1st quarter) and high (group3, >=3st quarter). Only the top ten countries are shown in each group. Note that the y axis are different in each subplot. This is to illustrate the trends in each group.
Zooming in onto the global trends, we can see that:
Most countries with both medium and high average annual %death from alcohol showed some improvements with a decreased %death rate.
Countries with low average annual %death from alcohol had more fluctuations and some even showed a slight increase.
Figure 1.2: Changes of death rates from alcohol in selected countries 2010-2019
| Entity | Standard_deviation |
|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | 1.89 |
| Guatemala | 1.30 |
| Russia | 1.26 |
| Mongolia | 1.22 |
| Greenland | 1.03 |
| Estonia | 1.02 |
| Lithuania | 0.96 |
| Moldova | 0.86 |
| Paraguay | 0.84 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0.74 |
| Ukraine | 0.70 |
| Finland | 0.68 |
| El Salvador | 0.66 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 0.53 |
| Tajikistan | 0.46 |
| Nicaragua | 0.45 |
| Belarus | 0.42 |
| Ecuador | 0.42 |
| Denmark | 0.40 |
| Turkmenistan | 0.37 |
data <- read.csv("Merge_all_2010_2020_updated.csv")
alc_sex_regions <- data %>%
select(Entity, Year, Prevalence_alcohol_use_disorders_male,
Prevalence_alcohol_use_disorders_female) %>%
na.omit() %>%
filter(Entity %in% c("African Region (WHO)", "Australia", "China",
"European Region (WHO)", "United Kingdom",
"United States"))
alc_sex_income <- data %>%
select(Entity, Year, Prevalence_alcohol_use_disorders_male,
Prevalence_alcohol_use_disorders_female) %>%
na.omit() %>%
filter(Entity %in% c("World Bank Low Income", "World Bank Lower Middle Income",
"World Bank Upper Middle Income", "World Bank High Income"))
| Entity | Year | Prevalence_alcohol_use_disorders_male | Prevalence_alcohol_use_disorders_female |
|---|---|---|---|
| World Bank High Income | 2010 | 2.92 | 1.31 |
| World Bank High Income | 2019 | 2.86 | 1.29 |
| World Bank Low Income | 2010 | 2.04 | 0.56 |
| World Bank Low Income | 2019 | 2.06 | 0.57 |
| World Bank Lower Middle Income | 2010 | 1.91 | 0.40 |
| World Bank Lower Middle Income | 2019 | 1.77 | 0.39 |
| World Bank Upper Middle Income | 2010 | 2.37 | 0.70 |
| World Bank Upper Middle Income | 2019 | 2.42 | 0.65 |
An association between income and alcohol disorders reveals noteworthy deviations from 2010 to 2019 but it is also important to consider the influence of other socioeconomic factors. There is a noticeable distinction between the high-income group and other income groups. The percentage of alcohol disorders is significantly greater or approximately doubled when compared with other income groups. Females in the high-income group may be subject to societal expectations or gender roles which lead to increased alcohol related issues. There is a consistent trend indicating a higher prevalence of alcohol disorders among individuals from the higher income groups possibly with work pressures. Interestingly, the income groups among both males and females both have the lower-middle income group with the lowest rate of alcohol disorders. This may be due to considerations such as lower financial stressors and mental and physical well-being. However, the low and upper-middle income groups have a higher rate particularly among the males. Similarly, this may be due to financial and work stressors.
| Entity | Year | Prevalence_alcohol_use_disorders_male | Prevalence_alcohol_use_disorders_female |
|---|---|---|---|
| African Region (WHO) | 2010 | 1.70 | 0.58 |
| African Region (WHO) | 2019 | 1.68 | 0.58 |
| Australia | 2010 | 2.51 | 1.33 |
| Australia | 2019 | 2.72 | 1.41 |
| China | 2010 | 1.91 | 0.45 |
| China | 2019 | 2.17 | 0.40 |
| European Region (WHO) | 2010 | 3.47 | 1.39 |
| European Region (WHO) | 2019 | 3.36 | 1.33 |
| United Kingdom | 2010 | 4.83 | 1.40 |
| United Kingdom | 2019 | 5.48 | 1.48 |
| United States | 2010 | 3.28 | 1.88 |
| United States | 2019 | 3.22 | 1.80 |
Across all regions, it is clear there is a higher percentage of males with alcohol disorders than females and this has not changed significantly over the period 2010 to 2019. However, there is no evident similar trends between each region as there are various attributable factors such as evolving social norms, increased alcohol availability and alterations in cultural traditions. Regardless, it is apparent over this period, males with alcohol issues are increasing in Australia, China and the United Kingdom.